CHAPTER ONE
CLAUSE, SENTENCE AND PHRASE
Part One : Clause
A CLAUSE is a pair or group of words that consist of a subject and predicate. Thus example :
a. The project still seems very remote from reality.
b. Typical of this view were the farmers in the Central Arizona Irrigation and Drainage District, and the Maricopa Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage District.
And the analysis :
a. very remote from reality.
Subject Verb
b. Typical of this view were the farmers in the Central Arizona Irrigation and
Subject Verb
Drainage District, and the Maricopa Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage Distri
Part Two : Sentence
A SENTENCE is a group of words that are put together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of language that expresses a complete thought by following the grammatical rules of syntax.
The example is :
a. Langsat fruits hang in bunches of 8-20; the smooth outer skin is a dirty yellow color.
b. Starfruit grows wild in the forest of Indonesia, and has spread throughout the tropics.
And the analysis :
a. Langsat fruits hang in bunches of 8-20; the smooth outer skin is a dirty
Subject Verb
yellow color.
b. Starfruit grows wild in the forest of Indonesia, and has spread
Subject Verbs
throughout the tropics.
Part Three : Phrase
A PHRASE is any group of words hanging together as a unit but without a subject-predicate pair. Phrase may be classified by the type :
√ Nominal phrase is are phrases that function grammatically as nouns within sentences.
For example :
Silk dyers in Pekan, Malaysia, dye silk black with an infusion of several tannin-containing plants heated, cooled, and reheated over a week.
√ Verbal phrase is formed entirely of verbs. The verbs can be lexical, auxiliary, and modal. The head is the first verb in the verb phrase.
For example :
The roseapple is linked in myth with golden fruit of immortality.
√ Adjectival phrase is may consist of just one adjective, or a single adjective which has been modified or complemented.
For example :
Some plants will reproduce readily from cuttings and other take a considerable amount of time and care.
√ Adverbial phrase is a phrase that collectively acts as an adverb within a sentence; in other words, it modifies a verb (or verb phrase), an adjective (or adjective phrase), or another adverb.
For example :
Of those seeds that germinate,60-75% will grow into satisfactory seedlings.
CHAPTER 2
Chapter Two
CONTEXTUAL REFERENCE
Contextual References are words which substitute for other words (to avoid using the same word over and over).
They refer back to words that have been used. Also they may refer forward to ideas that will be stated.
I.
( Fruits of South-East Asia: Seasonal Fruits, Jacqueline M. Piper.)
1. The tamarind tree is a favorite of the Thais.
2. The tamarind tree crops up in several ways in Thai folk culture.
If the two clauses are joined together, we can have the following sentences :
a. The tamarind tree is a favorite of the Thais which crops up in several ways in Thai folk culture.
b. The tamarind tree is a favorite of the Thais that crops up in several ways in Thai folk culture.
Analysis :
The tamarind tree is a favorite of the Thais which crops up in several ways
that
in Thai folk culture.
II.
( A Willingness to Play : Analysis of Water Resources Development, William E. Martin, Helen Ingram and Nancy K. Laney )
1. Farmers were as likely to estimate a high price as farmers.
2. Farmers expressed very positive attitudes toward the CAP.
Study the sentences below:
a. Farmers who expressed very positive attitudes toward the CAP were as likely to estimate a high price as farmers.
b. Farmers that expressed very positive attitudes toward the CAP were as likely to estimate a high price as farmers.
Analysis :
Farmers expressed very positive attitudes toward the CAP
were as likely to estimate a high price as farmers.
III.
( A Willingness to Play : Analysis of Water Resources Development, William E. Martin, Helen Ingram and Nancy K. Laney )
1. Farmers would be interested and informed about the details of water price and distribution costs associated with the CAP.
2. Farmers will be increasingly concerned about costs as the project approaches completion.
Study the sentences below :
a. Farmers whose will be increasingly concerned about costs as the project approaches completion would be interested and informed about the details of water price and distribution costs associated with the CAP.
b. Farmers whom we will be increasingly concerned about costs as the project approaches completion would be interested and informed about the details of water price and distribution costs associated with the CAP.
Analysis :
a. Farmers will be increasingly concerned about costs as
the project approaches completion would be interested and informed about the details of water price and distribution costs associated with the CAP.
b. Farmers we will be increasingly concerned about
costs as the project approaches completion would be interested and informed about the details of water price and distribution costs associated with the CAP.
IV.
( Fruits of South-East Asia: Seasonal Fruits, Jacqueline M. Piper.)
1. Natural grafting occurs.
2. Two branches are in close contact over several years.
Study the sentences below :
a. Natural grafting occurs where two branches are in close contact over several years.
b. Natural grafting occurs which two branches are in close contact over several years.
Analysis :
a. Natural grafting occurs two branches are in close contact
over several years.
V.
1. Scion wood should be gathered in winter.
2. wood is dormant, but not frozen.
Study the sentences below :
a. Scion wood should be gathered in winter when wood is dormant, but not frozen.
b. Scion wood should be gathered in winter which wood is dormant, but not frozen.
Analysis :
a. Scion wood should be gathered in winter wood is dormant,
but not frozen.
CHAPTER 3
Chapter Three
DEFINITION and DESCRIPTION
Part One : Definition
A definition is formal passage describing the meaning of a term. The term to be defined is the definiendum (plural definienda). A term may have many subtly different senses or meanings.
Defining a part of a plant involves three things, namely :
● naming it;
● stating the class it belongs to; and
● describing its function.
I.
( Fruits of South-East Asia: Seasonal Fruits, Jacqueline M. Piper.)
Analysis :
Name : Sapodilla
Class : fruit
Function : spread from America with the Spaniards
Definition : Sapodilla is fruit which spread from America with the Spaniards.
II.
( Plant Propagation, Ohio State University Extension )
Analysis :
Name : Softwood cuttings
Class : pieces of new growth wood
Function : taken from woody stock plants
Definition : Softwood cuttings is pieces of new growth wood taken from woody stock plants.
If A = Name, B = Class, and C = Function. So it can be formulated:
or
Part Two : Description
Description is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse). Each of the rhetorical modes is present in a variety of forms and each has its own purpose and conventions.
Example :
NAME OF PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF COURSE OF ACTION
Cuttings Removing a piece from the parent plant and that piece then re-grows the lost parts or tissues.
Definition a:
Cuttings is the process whereby removing a piece from the parent plant and that piece then re-grows the lost parts or tissues.
Definition b:
Cuttings is the process by which removing a piece from the parent plant and that piece then re-grows the lost parts or tissues.
General statement:
In the process of cuttings, removing a piece from the parent plant and that piece then re-grows the lost parts or tissues.
CHAPTER 4
Chapter Four
IMPERSONAL PASSIVES
1.
( Fruits of South-East Asia: Seasonal Fruits, Jacqueline M. Piper.)
2.
(Microeconomic Impacts of Inflation on the Food and Agriculture Sector, Michael L. Walden )
3.
( A Willingness to Play : Analysis of Water Resources Development, William E. Martin, Helen Ingram and Nancy K. Laney )
No Active Passive
1. The flesh encloses an egg-shaped seed, brown and shiny like a horse. An egg-shaped seed, brown and shiny like a horse is enclosed by the flesh.
2. Recent research supports this hypothesis for aggregate agricultural prices (Grennes and Lapp) and for retail food prices ( Belongia and King ). This hypothesis for aggregate agricultural prices (Grennes and Lapp) and for retail food prices ( Belongia and King ) is supported by recent research.
3. Public choice scholars have attempted to extend this reasoning beyond the domain of individual market decisions to collective choices in political and organizational settings. This reasoning beyond the domain of individual market decisions have been attempted public choice scholars to collective choices in political and organizational settings.
Notice that in examples 1 and 3, ‘encloses an egg-shaped seed, brown and shiny like a horse’ and ‘This reasoning beyond the domain of individual market decisions’ are the OBJECTS in the active sentences and have become the SUBJECT of the passive one.
Note also that the verbal of the passive sentences comprise ‘to be’+ ‘past participle’:
To be Past Participle
Sentence 1 is enclosed
Sentence 2 is supported
Sentence 3 have been attempted
Generally, passive sentence in scientific writings are characterized by the lack of a “by” phrase. This is assumed to be related to the fact that what is important to the development in science is what has been found out and not so much who found out.
CHAPTER 5
Chapter Five
PARALLEL STRUCTURE & PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
Part One : Parallel Structure
Parallel structure is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses. The application of parallel structure in sentence construction improves writing style and readability.
1.
( A Willingness to Play : Analysis of Water Resources Development, William E. Martin, Helen Ingram and Nancy K. Laney )
a. Farmers would be interested about the details of water price and distribution costs.
b. Farmers would be informed about the details of water price and distribution costs.
Analysis :
Farmers would be interested
Farmers
would be informed
The actors are same. The activities in two clauses are different. The two clauses can be made into one new sentence using a parallel structure. Remember that because the activities are same in the two clauses, the activity can only be mentioned once in the new sentences.
And: used to connect words, phrases, or clauses
Farmers about the
details of water price and distribution costs associated with the CAP.
2.
( Plant Propagation, Ohio State University Extension )
a. Special grow lights are suitable
b. Special grow lights are more expensive
Analysis :
Special grow lights are suitable
Special grow lights
are more expensive
The activities are different. The actors in the two clauses are same. The two clauses can be made into one new sentence using a parallel structure. Remember that because the activities are same in the three clauses, the activity can only be mentioned once in the new sentences.
But: indicates a contrast or exception
The result :
Special grow lights are suitable more expensive.
3.
( Plant Propagation, Ohio State University Extension )
a. Pasteurized soil also helps to avoid weeds.
b. Pasteurized soil also helps to avoid diseases.
c. Pasteurized soil also helps to avoid pests.
Analysis :
Pasteurized soil also helps to avoid
weeds
Pasteurized soil also helps to avoid
diseases
Pasteurized soil also helps to avoid pests
The activities are different. The actors in the three clauses are same. The three clauses can be made into one new sentence using a parallel structure. Remember that because the activities are same in the three clauses, the activity can only be mentioned once in the new sentences.
The result :
Pasteurized soil also helps to avoid weeds diseases pests.
4.
( Plant Propagation, Ohio State University Extension )
a. Light can stimulate
b. Light can inhibit a seed’s germination
Analysis :
Light Can stimulate
Light
Can inhibit a seed’s germination
The activities are different. The actors in the two clauses are same. The two clauses can be made into one new sentence using a parallel structure. Remember that because the activities are same in the two clauses, the activity can only be mentioned once in the new sentences. Logics shows that the conjunction is or .
The result :
Light can stimulate inhibit a seed’s germination.
Part Two: Paired Conjunctions
(Microeconomics Impacts Inflation on the Food and Agriculture Sector, Michael L. Walden)
a. The economics profession is looked to for guidance and analysis that will aid private decision makers in deciphering the meaning and implications of inflation.
b. The economics profession is looked to for guidance and analysis that will aid public decision makers in deciphering the meaning and implications of inflation.
Analysis :
The economics profession is looked to for guidance and analysis will aid private decision makers in deciphering the meaning and implications of inflation
The economics profession is looked to for guidance and analysis will aid public decision makers in deciphering the meaning and implications of inflation
Paired conjunctions having the same meaning as and are :
√ Both A and B
√ Not only A but also B and
√ Not only A but B as well.
The result :
1. The economics profession is looked to for guidance and analysis that will aid both private and public decision makers in deciphering the meaning and implications of inflation.
2. The economics profession is looked to for guidance and analysis that will aid not only private but also public decision makers in deciphering the meaning and implications of inflation.
3. The economics profession is looked to for guidance and analysis that will aid not only private as well public decision makers in deciphering the meaning and implications of inflation.
CHAPTER 6
Chapter Six
RELATIONSHIP SHOWING TIME
Part One : At Sentence Level
• AFTER, BEFORE, WHEN, AS SOON AS, WHILE
( Plant Propagation, Ohio State University Extension )
a. These seeds must germinate immediately
b. They ripen or they lose their viability
Analysis :
- These seeds must germinate immediately after they ripen or they lose their viability.
- Before these seeds must germinate immediately, they ripen or they lose their viability.
( Plant Propagation, Ohio State University Extension )
1. The protective coat prevents sprouting
2. Ideal growing conditions exist.
Logically and chronologically speaking sentence occurs before sentence b. Therefore, if the two sentences above are made into a new sentence, we can have the following:
a. First the protective coat prevents sprouting, and then ideal growing conditions exist.
b. After the protective coat prevents sprouting, ideal growing conditions exist.
c. The protective coat prevents sprouting, before ideal growing conditions exist.
d. Before ideal growing conditions exist, the protective coat prevents sprouting.
e. The protective coat do not prevents sprouting until the protective coat prevents sprouting.
• THEN, DURING, THROUGHT, PRIOR TO, IF
( Plant Propagation, Ohio State University Extension )
a. During
- the first phase of growing ferns
- sterile conditions are critical.
Analysis :
During the first phase of growing ferns, sterile conditions are critical.
b. Then
- During the first phase of growing ferns, sterile conditions are critical.
- Moss, fungi and algae compete aggressively with young fern gametophytes.
Analysis :
- During the first phase of growing ferns, sterile conditions are critical. Then moss, fungi and algae compete aggressively with young fern gametophytes.
CHAPTER 7
Chapter Seven
RELATIONSHIP SHOWING CONSEQUENCE
BEGINNING A CAUSE CLAUSE BEGINNING A RESULT CLAUSE
as
since
because
if
due to the fact that
considering that
etc. consequently
therefore
thus
and so
hence
as a result
as a consequence
etc.
●
( A Willingness to Play : Analysis of Water Resources Development, William E. Martin, Helen Ingram and Nancy K. Laney )
Analysis :
√ Cause clause : conventional economic analysis does not explain farmer actions
√ Result clause : we turned to an examination of the farmer’s perceptions of self-interest.
The result :
Way one
Conventional economic analysis does not explain farmer actions, and so we turned to an examination of the farmer’s perceptions of self-interest.
Way two
As conventional economic analysis does not explain farmer actions, we turned to an examination of the farmer’s perceptions of self-interest.
Way three
Conventional economic analysis does not explain farmer actions, therefore, we turned to an examination of the farmer’s perceptions of self-interest.
Way four
Conventional economic analysis does not explain farmer actions.Therefore, we turned to an examination of the farmer’s perceptions of self-interest.
Way five
Conventional economic analysis too does not explain farmer actions for we to an examination of the farmer’s perceptions of self-interest.
Way six
Conventional economic analysis explain enough farmer actions for we to an examination of the farmer’s perceptions of self-interest.
Way seven
We turned to an examination of the farmer’s perceptions of self-interest because conventional economic analysis does not explain farmer actions.
CHAPTER 8
Chapter Eight
RELATIONSHIP SHOWING OPPOSITION
( Fruits of South-East Asia: Seasonal Fruits, Jacqueline M. Piper.)
Study the two sentences below :
1. The rambutan originated in the tropical lowlands of Malaysia and has not been widely spread beyond South-East Asia
2. its flavor is excellent and a young tree can bear fruit within 2 years of planting.
The result :
Way one The rambutan originated in the tropical lowlands of Malaysia and has not been widely spread beyond South-East Asia, but its flavor is excellent and a young tree can bear fruit within 2 years of planting.
Way two Even though/ Although/ Though the rambutan originated in the tropical lowlands of Malaysia and has not been widely spread beyond South-East Asia, its flavor is excellent and a young tree can bear fruit within 2 years of planting.
Way three
The rambutan originated in the tropical lowlands of Malaysia and has not been widely spread beyond South-East Asia, but its flavor is excellent and a young tree anyway can bear fruit within 2 years of planting.
Way four The rambutan originated in the tropical lowlands of Malaysia and has not been widely spread beyond South-East Asia, but its still flavor is excellent and a young tree can bear fruit within 2 years of planting.
Way five The rambutan originated in the tropical lowlands of Malaysia and has not been widely spread beyond South-East Asia, yet its still flavor is excellent and a young tree can bear fruit within 2 years of planting.
Way six The rambutan originated in the tropical lowlands of Malaysia and has not been widely spread beyond South-East Asia. Nevertheless/ Nonetheless/ However/ On the other hand/ In contrast/ On the contrary, its flavor is excellent and a young tree can bear fruit within 2 years of planting.
Way seven The rambutan originated in the tropical lowlands of Malaysia and has not been widely spread beyond South-East Asia, nevertheless/ nonetheless/ however/ on the other hand/ in contrast/ on the contrary, its flavor is excellent and a young tree can bear fruit within 2 years of planting.
CHAPTER 9
Chapter Nine
RELATIONSHIP SHOWING EXEMPLIFICATION
( Fruits of South-East Asia: Seasonal Fruits, Jacqueline M. Piper.)
Study the sentence below :
1. Methods of extending its life are few as the delicate flavor does not survive processing
2. Tastes good but lacks that distinctive flavor.
The result :
Way one Methods of extending its life are few as the delicate flavor does not survive processing. For example, tastes good but lacks that distinctive flavor.
Way two Methods of extending its life are few as the delicate flavor does not survive processing, for example, tastes good but lacks that distinctive flavor.
Way three
Methods of extending its life are few as the delicate flavor does not survive processing. For instance, tastes good but lacks that distinctive flavor.
Way four Methods of extending its life are few as the delicate flavor does not survive processing, for instance, tastes good but lacks that distinctive flavor.
CHAPTER 10
Chapter Ten
RELATIONSHIP SHOWING EXPLANATION
1.
( Fruits of South-East Asia: Seasonal Fruits, Jacqueline M. Piper.)
Study the sentence below:
1. The litchi is well known as it is available in the world there is a Chinese restaurant
2. It is a native of southern China and evolved in cooler climate than the tropics in South-East Asia.
Analysis :
The litchi is well known as it is available in the world there is a Chinese restaurant. That is to say/ In other words/ This indicate that/ This mean that it is a native of southern China and evolved in cooler climate than the tropics in South-East Asia.
2.
( Plant Propagation, Ohio State University Extension )
Study the sentence below :
1. Propagation by seed is the most commonly known method of producing new plants
2. Common annual and biennial vegetables and flowers are grown easily from seed.
The result :
Propagation by seed is the most commonly known method of producing new plants. That is to say/ In other words/ This indicate that/ This mean that common annual and biennial vegetables and flowers are grown easily from seed.
3. Variation in the percentage germination of seeds with time in the different variants of Canna Indica
Variant Percentage germination of seeds
Number of days
3 9
I 20 80
II 10 50
III 5 30
Analysis :
That is to say /In other words / this indicates that / this means that variation in the percentage germination of seeds with time in the different variants of Canna Indica.
CHAPTER 11
Chapter Eleven
RELATIONSHIP SHOWING ADDITION: REINFORCEMENT + SIMILARITY
Part One : Addition Showing Reinforcement
( A Willingness to Play : Analysis of Water Resources Development, William E. Martin, Helen Ingram and Nancy K. Laney )
Study the sentence below :
1. The farmer were then asked a series of questions relating to water conservations activities
2. Farmers were asked to estimate the cost of CAP water when it flows in 1986 and to compare the cost to estimated pump costs at that time.
Analysis :
The two sentences above talk above talk about Farmers. From these sentences, the reader will know that to the subject Farmers two attributes or characteristics are given:
1. were then asked a series of questions relating to water conservations activities
2. were asked to estimate the cost of CAP water when it flows in 1986 and to compare the cost to estimated pump costs at that time.
Relationship showing additional information of reinforcement :
1. The farmer were then asked a series of questions relating to water conservations activities. In addition, they asked to estimate the cost of CAP water when it flows in 1986 and to compare the cost to estimated pump costs at that time.
2. The farmer were then asked a series of questions relating to water conservations activities, in addition, they asked to estimate the cost of CAP water when it flows in 1986 and to compare the cost to estimated pump costs at that time.
3. The farmer were then asked a series of questions relating to water conservations activities. Moreover, they asked to estimate the cost of CAP water when it flows in 1986 and to compare the cost to estimated pump costs at that time.
4. The farmer were then asked a series of questions relating to water conservations activities, moreover, they asked to estimate the cost of CAP water when it flows in 1986 and to compare the cost to estimated pump costs at that time.
5. The farmer were then asked a series of questions relating to water conservations activities. Furthermore, they asked to estimate the cost of CAP water when it flows in 1986 and to compare the cost to estimated pump costs at that time.
6. The farmer were then asked a series of questions relating to water conservations activities, furthermore, they asked to estimate the cost of CAP water when it flows in 1986 and to compare the cost to estimated pump costs at that time.
7. The farmer were then asked a series of questions relating to water conservations activities. They also asked to estimate the cost of CAP water when it flows in 1986 and to compare the cost to estimated pump costs at that time.
Part One : Addition Showing Similarity
( Plant Propagation, Ohio State University Extension )
Analysis :
1. Sow spores on top of a pasteurized (sterile), moist, soilless mix or sphagnum peat in a disinfested container.
2. Water must be sterile.
Relationship showing additional information of reinforcement :
1. Sow spores on top of a pasteurized (sterile), moist, soilless mix or sphagnum peat in a disinfested container. Similarly, water must be sterile.
2. Sow spores on top of a pasteurized (sterile), moist, soilless mix or sphagnum peat in a disinfested container. Likely, water must be sterile.
3. Sow spores on top of a pasteurized (sterile), moist, soilless mix or sphagnum peat in a disinfested container. In the same way, water must be sterile.
4. Sow spores on top of a pasteurized (sterile), moist, soilless mix or sphagnum peat in a disinfested container. Water must also be sterile.
CHAPTER 12
Chapter Twelve
RELATIONSHIP SHOWING CONDITIONS
( Plant Propagation, Ohio State University Extension )
Example :
1. Most seed companies provide information on expected percent of germination.
2. Of those seeds that germinate, 60-75% will grow into satisfactory seedlings.
In the surrounding nature, one may observe the following SYMPTOMS:
a. Most seed companies provide information on expected percent of germination what percent of seed is expected to sprout or germinate.
b. Purchase seed that is packaged for the current year which most seed companies provide information on expected percent of germination.
Diagnosis is :
Germination need suitable temperature.
A. OBSERVATION
Seed which is expected to sprout or germinate need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
B. CONCLUSION
• THIS SHOWS THAT seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
• THIS SHOWS THAT seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
• THIS IS INDICATES THAT seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
• THIS IS AN INDICATION THAT seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
• THIS IS A SIGN THAT seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
• THIS MEANS THAT seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
• WE MAY INCLUDE THAT seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
• SO, seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
• THEREFORE, seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
C. GENERALIZING
• If the seed which is expected to sprout or germinate need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
• If seed which is expected to sprout or germinate need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
• When seed which is expected to sprout or germinate need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
D. RECOMMENDATION
This figure tells what percent of seed is expected to sprout or germinate. Generally, 65-80% of most fresh seed sown will germinate. Of those seeds that germinate, 60-75% will grow into satisfactory seedlings.
- This show that seed which is expected to sprout or germinate need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
- The deficiency can be correct by seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
E. PREDICTION
- If seed which is expected to sprout or germinate need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
- The deficiency can be correct by seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
- If seed which is expected to sprout or germinate ( will be ) need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
- The deficiency can be correct by seed ( should be ) need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
- If seed which is expected to sprout or germinate ( will be ) need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
- In order to correct this deficiency seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
- If seed which is expected to sprout or germinate ( will be ) need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
- In order to remedy this deficiency seed need suitable temperature to grow into satisfactory seedlings.
ALWAYS KEEP IN MIND :
CHAPTER 13
Chapter Thirteen
COMPARATIVE SENTENCES
Variation in the percentage germination of seeds with time in the different variants of Canna Indica
Variant Percentage germination of seeds
Number of days
3 9
I 20 80
II 10 50
III 5 30
Comparison that can be made in terms of their variant I content are :
1. Variant I a The percentage of variant I in a third day is lower than that in a ninth day.
b The percentage of variant I in a ninth day is higher than that in a third day.
c The variant I content of a third day is lower than that in a ninth day.
d The variant I content of a ninth day is higher than that in a third day.
e A third day has a lower variant I content than a ninth day.
f A ninth day has a higher variant I content than a third day.
g The variant I content of a third day is 20 % whereas that of a ninth day is 80 %.
h
The variant I content of a ninth day is 80 % whereas that of a third day is 20 %.
Comparison that can be made in terms of their variant II content are :
2. Variant II a The percentage of variant II in a third day is lower than that in a ninth day.
b The percentage of variant II in a ninth day is higher than that in a third day.
c The variant II content of a third day is lower than that in a ninth day.
d The variant II content of a ninth day is higher than that in a third day.
e A third day has a lower variant II content than a ninth day.
f A ninth day has a higher variant II content than a third day.
g The variant II content of a third day is 10 % whereas that of a ninth day is 50 %.
h The variant II content of a ninth day is 50 % whereas that of a third day is 10 %.
Comparison that can be made in terms of their variant III content are :
3. Variant III a The percentage of variant III in a third day is lower than that in a ninth day.
b The percentage of variant III in a ninth day is higher than that in a third day.
c The variant III content of a third day is lower than that in a ninth day.
d
The variant III content of a ninth day is higher than that in a third day.
e A third day has a lower variant III content than a ninth day.
f A ninth day has a higher variant III content than a third day.
g The variant III content of a third day is 5 % whereas that of a ninth day is 30 %.
h The variant III content of a ninth day is 50 % whereas that of a third day is 5 %.
CHAPTER 14
Chapter fourteen
FACTS and FIGURES
Part One : Dealing with Numbers
In presenting the student result to an audience, the speaker normally makes use of number. For speaker of English as a foreign language, there are matters dealing with numbers that have to be taken into consideration. Some of them will bw discussed in this chapter in detail.
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